dash.el/dash.info

This is dash.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from dash.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Dash: (dash.info). A modern list library for GNU Emacs
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This manual is for `dash.el' version 2.12.0.

   Copyright © 2012-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
     modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
     published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of
     the License, or (at your option) any later version.

     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program.  If not, see
     `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.


File: dash.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Installation,  Up: (dir)

dash
****

This manual is for `dash.el' version 2.12.0.

   Copyright © 2012-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
     modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
     published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of
     the License, or (at your option) any later version.

     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program.  If not, see
     `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.

* Menu:

* Installation::
* Functions::
* Development::
* Index::

--- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Installation

* Using in a package::
* Syntax highlighting of dash functions::

Functions

* Maps::
* Sublist selection::
* List to list::
* Reductions::
* Unfolding::
* Predicates::
* Partitioning::
* Indexing::
* Set operations::
* Other list operations::
* Tree operations::
* Threading macros::
* Binding::
* Side-effects::
* Destructive operations::
* Function combinators::

Development

* Contribute::          How to contribute
* Changes::             List of significant changes by version
* Contributors::        List of contributors


File: dash.info,  Node: Installation,  Next: Functions,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Installation
**************

It's available on marmalade (http://marmalade-repo.org/) and Melpa
(http://melpa.milkbox.net/); use `M-x package-install':

`M-x package-install <RET> dash'
     Install the dash library.

`M-x package-install <RET> dash-functional'
     Optional, if you want the function combinators.

   Alternatively, you can just dump dash.el or dash-functional.el in
your load path somewhere.

* Menu:

* Using in a package::
* Syntax highlighting of dash functions::


File: dash.info,  Node: Using in a package,  Next: Syntax highlighting of dash functions,  Up: Installation

1.1 Using in a package
======================

Add this to the big comment block at the top:

     ;; Package-Requires: ((dash "2.12.0"))

To get function combinators:

     ;; Package-Requires: ((dash "2.12.0") (dash-functional "1.2.0") (emacs "24"))


File: dash.info,  Node: Syntax highlighting of dash functions,  Prev: Using in a package,  Up: Installation

1.2 Syntax highlighting of dash functions
=========================================

Font lock of dash functions in emacs lisp buffers is now optional.
Include this in your emacs settings to get syntax highlighting:

     (eval-after-load "dash" '(dash-enable-font-lock))


File: dash.info,  Node: Functions,  Next: Development,  Prev: Installation,  Up: Top

2 Functions
***********

This chapter contains reference documentation for the dash
application programming interface (API).  All functions and
constructs in the library are prefixed with a dash (-).

   There are also anaphoric versions of functions where that makes
sense, prefixed with two dashes instead of one.

   For instance, while `-map' takes a function to map over the list,
one can also use the anaphoric form with double dashes - which will
then be executed with `it' exposed as the list item. Here's an
example:

     (-map (lambda (n) (* n n)) '(1 2 3 4)) ;; normal version

     (--map (* it it) '(1 2 3 4)) ;; anaphoric version

Of course, the original can also be written like

     (defun square (n) (* n n))

     (-map 'square '(1 2 3 4))

which demonstrates the usefulness of both versions.

* Menu:

* Maps::
* Sublist selection::
* List to list::
* Reductions::
* Unfolding::
* Predicates::
* Partitioning::
* Indexing::
* Set operations::
* Other list operations::
* Tree operations::
* Threading macros::
* Binding::
* Side-effects::
* Destructive operations::
* Function combinators::


File: dash.info,  Node: Maps,  Next: Sublist selection,  Up: Functions

2.1 Maps
========

Functions in this category take a transforming function, which is
then applied sequentially to each or selected elements of the input
list.  The results are collected in order and returned as new list.

 -- Function: -map (fn list)
     Return a new list consisting of the result of applying FN to the
     items in LIST.

          (-map (lambda (num) (* num num)) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 4 9 16)
          (-map 'square '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 4 9 16)
          (--map (* it it) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 4 9 16)

 -- Function: -map-when (pred rep list)
     Return a new list where the elements in LIST that does not match
     the PRED function are unchanged, and where the elements in LIST
     that do match the PRED function are mapped through the REP
     function.

     Alias: `-replace-where'

     See also: `-update-at' (*note -update-at::)

          (-map-when 'even? 'square '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 4 3 16)
          (--map-when (> it 2) (* it it) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 2 9 16)
          (--map-when (= it 2) 17 '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 17 3 4)

 -- Function: -map-first (pred rep list)
     Replace first item in LIST satisfying PRED with result of REP
     called on this item.

     See also: `-map-when' (*note -map-when::), `-replace-first'
     (*note -replace-first::)

          (-map-first 'even? 'square '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 4 3 4)
          (--map-first (> it 2) (* it it) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 2 9 4)
          (--map-first (= it 2) 17 '(1 2 3 2))
              => '(1 17 3 2)

 -- Function: -map-last (pred rep list)
     Replace first item in LIST satisfying PRED with result of REP
     called on this item.

     See also: `-map-when' (*note -map-when::), `-replace-last'
     (*note -replace-last::)

          (-map-last 'even? 'square '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 2 3 16)
          (--map-last (> it 2) (* it it) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 2 3 16)
          (--map-last (= it 2) 17 '(1 2 3 2))
              => '(1 2 3 17)

 -- Function: -map-indexed (fn list)
     Return a new list consisting of the result of (FN index item)
     for each item in LIST.

     In the anaphoric form `--map-indexed', the index is exposed as
     `it-index`.

          (-map-indexed (lambda (index item) (- item index)) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 1 1 1)
          (--map-indexed (- it it-index) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 1 1 1)

 -- Function: -annotate (fn list)
     Return a list of cons cells where each cell is FN applied to each
     element of LIST paired with the unmodified element of LIST.

          (-annotate '1+ '(1 2 3))
              => '((2 . 1) (3 . 2) (4 . 3))
          (-annotate 'length '(("h" "e" "l" "l" "o") ("hello" "world")))
              => '((5 "h" "e" "l" "l" "o") (2 "hello" "world"))
          (--annotate (< 1 it) '(0 1 2 3))
              => '((nil . 0) (nil . 1) (t . 2) (t . 3))

 -- Function: -splice (pred fun list)
     Splice lists generated by FUN in place of elements matching PRED
     in LIST.

     FUN takes the element matching PRED as input.

     This function can be used as replacement for `,@' in case you
     need to splice several lists at marked positions (for example
     with keywords).

     See also: `-splice-list' (*note -splice-list::), `-insert-at'
     (*note -insert-at::)

          (-splice 'even? (lambda (x) (list x x)) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 2 2 3 4 4)
          (--splice 't (list it it) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4)
          (--splice (equal it :magic) '((list of) (magical) (code)) '((foo) (bar) :magic (baz)))
              => '((foo) (bar) (list of) (magical) (code) (baz))

 -- Function: -splice-list (pred new-list list)
     Splice NEW-LIST in place of elements matching PRED in LIST.

     See also: `-splice' (*note -splice::), `-insert-at' (*note
     -insert-at::)

          (-splice-list 'keywordp '(a b c) '(1 :foo 2))
              => '(1 a b c 2)
          (-splice-list 'keywordp nil '(1 :foo 2))
              => '(1 2)
          (--splice-list (keywordp it) '(a b c) '(1 :foo 2))
              => '(1 a b c 2)

 -- Function: -mapcat (fn list)
     Return the concatenation of the result of mapping FN over LIST.
     Thus function FN should return a list.

          (-mapcat 'list '(1 2 3))
              => '(1 2 3)
          (-mapcat (lambda (item) (list 0 item)) '(1 2 3))
              => '(0 1 0 2 0 3)
          (--mapcat (list 0 it) '(1 2 3))
              => '(0 1 0 2 0 3)

 -- Function: -copy (arg)
     Create a shallow copy of LIST.

          (-copy '(1 2 3))
              => '(1 2 3)
          (let ((a '(1 2 3))) (eq a (-copy a)))
              => nil


File: dash.info,  Node: Sublist selection,  Next: List to list,  Prev: Maps,  Up: Functions

2.2 Sublist selection
=====================

Functions returning a sublist of the original list.

 -- Function: -filter (pred list)
     Return a new list of the items in LIST for which PRED returns a
     non-nil value.

     Alias: `-select'

          (-filter (lambda (num) (= 0 (% num 2))) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(2 4)
          (-filter 'even? '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(2 4)
          (--filter (= 0 (% it 2)) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(2 4)

 -- Function: -remove (pred list)
     Return a new list of the items in LIST for which PRED returns
     nil.

     Alias: `-reject'

          (-remove (lambda (num) (= 0 (% num 2))) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 3)
          (-remove 'even? '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 3)
          (--remove (= 0 (% it 2)) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 3)

 -- Function: -remove-first (pred list)
     Return a new list with the first item matching PRED removed.

     Alias: `-reject-first'

     See also: `-remove' (*note -remove::), `-map-first' (*note
     -map-first::)

          (-remove-first 'even? '(1 3 5 4 7 8 10))
              => '(1 3 5 7 8 10)
          (-remove-first 'stringp '(1 2 "first" "second" "third"))
              => '(1 2 "second" "third")
          (--remove-first (> it 3) '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10))
              => '(1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10)

 -- Function: -remove-last (pred list)
     Return a new list with the last item matching PRED removed.

     Alias: `-reject-last'

     See also: `-remove' (*note -remove::), `-map-last' (*note
     -map-last::)

          (-remove-last 'even? '(1 3 5 4 7 8 10 11))
              => '(1 3 5 4 7 8 11)
          (-remove-last 'stringp '(1 2 "last" "second" "third"))
              => '(1 2 "last" "second")
          (--remove-last (> it 3) '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)

 -- Function: -remove-item (item list)
     Remove all occurences of ITEM from LIST.

     Comparison is done with `equal'.

          (-remove-item 3 '(1 2 3 2 3 4 5 3))
              => '(1 2 2 4 5)
          (-remove-item 'foo '(foo bar baz foo))
              => '(bar baz)
          (-remove-item "bob" '("alice" "bob" "eve" "bob" "dave"))
              => '("alice" "eve" "dave")

 -- Function: -non-nil (list)
     Return all non-nil elements of LIST.

          (-non-nil '(1 nil 2 nil nil 3 4 nil 5 nil))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5)

 -- Function: -slice (list from &optional to step)
     Return copy of LIST, starting from index FROM to index TO.

     FROM or TO may be negative.  These values are then interpreted
     modulo the length of the list.

     If STEP is a number, only each STEPth item in the resulting
     section is returned.  Defaults to 1.

          (-slice '(1 2 3 4 5) 1)
              => '(2 3 4 5)
          (-slice '(1 2 3 4 5) 0 3)
              => '(1 2 3)
          (-slice '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) 1 -1 2)
              => '(2 4 6 8)

 -- Function: -take (n list)
     Return a new list of the first N items in LIST, or all items if
     there are fewer than N.

          (-take 3 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(1 2 3)
          (-take 17 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5)

 -- Function: -drop (n list)
     Return the tail of LIST without the first N items.

          (-drop 3 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(4 5)
          (-drop 17 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '()

 -- Function: -take-while (pred list)
     Return a new list of successive items from LIST while (PRED
     item) returns a non-nil value.

          (-take-while 'even? '(1 2 3 4))
              => '()
          (-take-while 'even? '(2 4 5 6))
              => '(2 4)
          (--take-while (< it 4) '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '(1 2 3)

 -- Function: -drop-while (pred list)
     Return the tail of LIST starting from the first item for which
     (PRED item) returns nil.

          (-drop-while 'even? '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(1 2 3 4)
          (-drop-while 'even? '(2 4 5 6))
              => '(5 6)
          (--drop-while (< it 4) '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '(4 3 2 1)

 -- Function: -select-by-indices (indices list)
     Return a list whose elements are elements from LIST selected as
     `(nth i list)` for all i from INDICES.

          (-select-by-indices '(4 10 2 3 6) '("v" "e" "l" "o" "c" "i" "r" "a" "p" "t" "o" "r"))
              => '("c" "o" "l" "o" "r")
          (-select-by-indices '(2 1 0) '("a" "b" "c"))
              => '("c" "b" "a")
          (-select-by-indices '(0 1 2 0 1 3 3 1) '("f" "a" "r" "l"))
              => '("f" "a" "r" "f" "a" "l" "l" "a")


File: dash.info,  Node: List to list,  Next: Reductions,  Prev: Sublist selection,  Up: Functions

2.3 List to list
================

Bag of various functions which modify input list.

 -- Function: -keep (fn list)
     Return a new list of the non-nil results of applying FN to the
     items in LIST.

     If you want to select the original items satisfying a predicate
     use `-filter' (*note -filter::).

          (-keep 'cdr '((1 2 3) (4 5) (6)))
              => '((2 3) (5))
          (-keep (lambda (num) (when (> num 3) (* 10 num))) '(1 2 3 4 5 6))
              => '(40 50 60)
          (--keep (when (> it 3) (* 10 it)) '(1 2 3 4 5 6))
              => '(40 50 60)

 -- Function: -concat (&rest lists)
     Return a new list with the concatenation of the elements in the
     supplied LISTS.

          (-concat '(1))
              => '(1)
          (-concat '(1) '(2))
              => '(1 2)
          (-concat '(1) '(2 3) '(4))
              => '(1 2 3 4)

 -- Function: -flatten (l)
     Take a nested list L and return its contents as a single, flat
     list.

     Note that because `nil' represents a list of zero elements (an
     empty list), any mention of nil in L will disappear after
     flattening.  If you need to preserve nils, consider `-flatten-n'
     (*note -flatten-n::) or map them to some unique symbol and then
     map them back.

     Conses of two atoms are considered "terminals", that is, they
     aren't flattened further.

     See also: `-flatten-n' (*note -flatten-n::)

          (-flatten '((1)))
              => '(1)
          (-flatten '((1 (2 3) (((4 (5)))))))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5)
          (-flatten '(1 2 (3 . 4)))
              => '(1 2 (3 . 4))

 -- Function: -flatten-n (num list)
     Flatten NUM levels of a nested LIST.

     See also: `-flatten' (*note -flatten::)

          (-flatten-n 1 '((1 2) ((3 4) ((5 6)))))
              => '(1 2 (3 4) ((5 6)))
          (-flatten-n 2 '((1 2) ((3 4) ((5 6)))))
              => '(1 2 3 4 (5 6))
          (-flatten-n 3 '((1 2) ((3 4) ((5 6)))))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5 6)

 -- Function: -replace (old new list)
     Replace all OLD items in LIST with NEW.

     Elements are compared using `equal'.

     See also: `-replace-at' (*note -replace-at::)

          (-replace 1 "1" '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '("1" 2 3 4 3 2 "1")
          (-replace "foo" "bar" '("a" "nice" "foo" "sentence" "about" "foo"))
              => '("a" "nice" "bar" "sentence" "about" "bar")
          (-replace 1 2 nil)
              => nil

 -- Function: -replace-first (old new list)
     Replace the first occurence of OLD with NEW in LIST.

     Elements are compared using `equal'.

     See also: `-map-first' (*note -map-first::)

          (-replace-first 1 "1" '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '("1" 2 3 4 3 2 1)
          (-replace-first "foo" "bar" '("a" "nice" "foo" "sentence" "about" "foo"))
              => '("a" "nice" "bar" "sentence" "about" "foo")
          (-replace-first 1 2 nil)
              => nil

 -- Function: -replace-last (old new list)
     Replace the last occurence of OLD with NEW in LIST.

     Elements are compared using `equal'.

     See also: `-map-last' (*note -map-last::)

          (-replace-last 1 "1" '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '(1 2 3 4 3 2 "1")
          (-replace-last "foo" "bar" '("a" "nice" "foo" "sentence" "about" "foo"))
              => '("a" "nice" "foo" "sentence" "about" "bar")
          (-replace-last 1 2 nil)
              => nil

 -- Function: -insert-at (n x list)
     Return a list with X inserted into LIST at position N.

     See also: `-splice' (*note -splice::), `-splice-list' (*note
     -splice-list::)

          (-insert-at 1 'x '(a b c))
              => '(a x b c)
          (-insert-at 12 'x '(a b c))
              => '(a b c x)

 -- Function: -replace-at (n x list)
     Return a list with element at Nth position in LIST replaced with
     X.

     See also: `-replace' (*note -replace::)

          (-replace-at 0 9 '(0 1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(9 1 2 3 4 5)
          (-replace-at 1 9 '(0 1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(0 9 2 3 4 5)
          (-replace-at 4 9 '(0 1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(0 1 2 3 9 5)

 -- Function: -update-at (n func list)
     Return a list with element at Nth position in LIST replaced with
     `(func (nth n list))`.

     See also: `-map-when' (*note -map-when::)

          (-update-at 0 (lambda (x) (+ x 9)) '(0 1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(9 1 2 3 4 5)
          (-update-at 1 (lambda (x) (+ x 8)) '(0 1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(0 9 2 3 4 5)
          (--update-at 2 (length it) '("foo" "bar" "baz" "quux"))
              => '("foo" "bar" 3 "quux")

 -- Function: -remove-at (n list)
     Return a list with element at Nth position in LIST removed.

     See also: `-remove-at-indices' (*note -remove-at-indices::),
     `-remove' (*note -remove::)

          (-remove-at 0 '("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"))
              => '("1" "2" "3" "4" "5")
          (-remove-at 1 '("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"))
              => '("0" "2" "3" "4" "5")
          (-remove-at 2 '("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"))
              => '("0" "1" "3" "4" "5")

 -- Function: -remove-at-indices (indices list)
     Return a list whose elements are elements from LIST without
     elements selected as `(nth i list)` for all i from INDICES.

     See also: `-remove-at' (*note -remove-at::), `-remove' (*note
     -remove::)

          (-remove-at-indices '(0) '("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"))
              => '("1" "2" "3" "4" "5")
          (-remove-at-indices '(0 2 4) '("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"))
              => '("1" "3" "5")
          (-remove-at-indices '(0 5) '("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"))
              => '("1" "2" "3" "4")


File: dash.info,  Node: Reductions,  Next: Unfolding,  Prev: List to list,  Up: Functions

2.4 Reductions
==============

Functions reducing lists into single value.

 -- Function: -reduce-from (fn initial-value list)
     Return the result of applying FN to INITIAL-VALUE and the first
     item in LIST, then applying FN to that result and the 2nd item,
     etc. If LIST contains no items, return INITIAL-VALUE and FN is
     not called.

     In the anaphoric form `--reduce-from', the accumulated value is
     exposed as `acc`.

     See also: `-reduce' (*note -reduce::), `-reduce-r' (*note
     -reduce-r::)

          (-reduce-from '- 10 '(1 2 3))
              => 4
          (-reduce-from (lambda (memo item) (concat "(" memo " - " (int-to-string item) ")")) "10" '(1 2 3))
              => "(((10 - 1) - 2) - 3)"
          (--reduce-from (concat acc " " it) "START" '("a" "b" "c"))
              => "START a b c"

 -- Function: -reduce-r-from (fn initial-value list)
     Replace conses with FN, nil with INITIAL-VALUE and evaluate the
     resulting expression. If LIST is empty, INITIAL-VALUE is
     returned and FN is not called.

     Note: this function works the same as `-reduce-from' (*note
     -reduce-from::) but the operation associates from right instead
     of from left.

     See also: `-reduce-r' (*note -reduce-r::), `-reduce' (*note
     -reduce::)

          (-reduce-r-from '- 10 '(1 2 3))
              => -8
          (-reduce-r-from (lambda (item memo) (concat "(" (int-to-string item) " - " memo ")")) "10" '(1 2 3))
              => "(1 - (2 - (3 - 10)))"
          (--reduce-r-from (concat it " " acc) "END" '("a" "b" "c"))
              => "a b c END"

 -- Function: -reduce (fn list)
     Return the result of applying FN to the first 2 items in LIST,
     then applying FN to that result and the 3rd item, etc. If LIST
     contains no items, FN must accept no arguments as well, and
     reduce return the result of calling FN with no arguments. If
     LIST has only 1 item, it is returned and FN is not called.

     In the anaphoric form `--reduce', the accumulated value is
     exposed as `acc`.

     See also: `-reduce-from' (*note -reduce-from::), `-reduce-r'
     (*note -reduce-r::)

          (-reduce '- '(1 2 3 4))
              => -8
          (-reduce (lambda (memo item) (format "%s-%s" memo item)) '(1 2 3))
              => "1-2-3"
          (--reduce (format "%s-%s" acc it) '(1 2 3))
              => "1-2-3"

 -- Function: -reduce-r (fn list)
     Replace conses with FN and evaluate the resulting expression.
     The final nil is ignored. If LIST contains no items, FN must
     accept no arguments as well, and reduce return the result of
     calling FN with no arguments. If LIST has only 1 item, it is
     returned and FN is not called.

     The first argument of FN is the new item, the second is the
     accumulated value.

     Note: this function works the same as `-reduce' (*note
     -reduce::) but the operation associates from right instead of
     from left.

     See also: `-reduce-r-from' (*note -reduce-r-from::), `-reduce'
     (*note -reduce::)

          (-reduce-r '- '(1 2 3 4))
              => -2
          (-reduce-r (lambda (item memo) (format "%s-%s" memo item)) '(1 2 3))
              => "3-2-1"
          (--reduce-r (format "%s-%s" acc it) '(1 2 3))
              => "3-2-1"

 -- Function: -count (pred list)
     Counts the number of items in LIST where (PRED item) is non-nil.

          (-count 'even? '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => 2
          (--count (< it 4) '(1 2 3 4))
              => 3

 -- Function: -sum (list)
     Return the sum of LIST.

          (-sum '())
              => 0
          (-sum '(1))
              => 1
          (-sum '(1 2 3 4))
              => 10

 -- Function: -product (list)
     Return the product of LIST.

          (-product '())
              => 1
          (-product '(1))
              => 1
          (-product '(1 2 3 4))
              => 24

 -- Function: -min (list)
     Return the smallest value from LIST of numbers or markers.

          (-min '(0))
              => 0
          (-min '(3 2 1))
              => 1
          (-min '(1 2 3))
              => 1

 -- Function: -min-by (comparator list)
     Take a comparison function COMPARATOR and a LIST and return the
     least element of the list by the comparison function.

     See also combinator `-on' (*note -on::) which can transform the
     values before comparing them.

          (-min-by '> '(4 3 6 1))
              => 1
          (--min-by (> (car it) (car other)) '((1 2 3) (2) (3 2)))
              => '(1 2 3)
          (--min-by (> (length it) (length other)) '((1 2 3) (2) (3 2)))
              => '(2)

 -- Function: -max (list)
     Return the largest value from LIST of numbers or markers.

          (-max '(0))
              => 0
          (-max '(3 2 1))
              => 3
          (-max '(1 2 3))
              => 3

 -- Function: -max-by (comparator list)
     Take a comparison function COMPARATOR and a LIST and return the
     greatest element of the list by the comparison function.

     See also combinator `-on' (*note -on::) which can transform the
     values before comparing them.

          (-max-by '> '(4 3 6 1))
              => 6
          (--max-by (> (car it) (car other)) '((1 2 3) (2) (3 2)))
              => '(3 2)
          (--max-by (> (length it) (length other)) '((1 2 3) (2) (3 2)))
              => '(1 2 3)


File: dash.info,  Node: Unfolding,  Next: Predicates,  Prev: Reductions,  Up: Functions

2.5 Unfolding
=============

Operations dual to reductions, building lists from seed value rather
than consuming a list to produce a single value.

 -- Function: -iterate (fun init n)
     Return a list of iterated applications of FUN to INIT.

     This means a list of form:

     (init (fun init) (fun (fun init)) ...)

     N is the length of the returned list.

          (-iterate '1+ 1 10)
              => '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
          (-iterate (lambda (x) (+ x x)) 2 5)
              => '(2 4 8 16 32)
          (--iterate (* it it) 2 5)
              => '(2 4 16 256 65536)

 -- Function: -unfold (fun seed)
     Build a list from SEED using FUN.

     This is "dual" operation to `-reduce-r' (*note -reduce-r::):
     while -reduce-r consumes a list to produce a single value,
     `-unfold' (*note -unfold::) takes a seed value and builds a
     (potentially infinite!) list.

     FUN should return `nil' to stop the generating process, or a
     cons (A . B), where A will be prepended to the result and B is
     the new seed.

          (-unfold (lambda (x) (unless (= x 0) (cons x (1- x)))) 10)
              => '(10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1)
          (--unfold (when it (cons it (cdr it))) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2 3 4) (2 3 4) (3 4) (4))
          (--unfold (when it (cons it (butlast it))) '(1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2 3 4) (1 2 3) (1 2) (1))


File: dash.info,  Node: Predicates,  Next: Partitioning,  Prev: Unfolding,  Up: Functions

2.6 Predicates
==============

 -- Function: -any? (pred list)
     Return t if (PRED x) is non-nil for any x in LIST, else nil.

     Alias: `-any-p', `-some?', `-some-p'

          (-any? 'even? '(1 2 3))
              => t
          (-any? 'even? '(1 3 5))
              => nil
          (--any? (= 0 (% it 2)) '(1 2 3))
              => t

 -- Function: -all? (pred list)
     Return t if (PRED x) is non-nil for all x in LIST, else nil.

     Alias: `-all-p', `-every?', `-every-p'

          (-all? 'even? '(1 2 3))
              => nil
          (-all? 'even? '(2 4 6))
              => t
          (--all? (= 0 (% it 2)) '(2 4 6))
              => t

 -- Function: -none? (pred list)
     Return t if (PRED x) is nil for all x in LIST, else nil.

     Alias: `-none-p'

          (-none? 'even? '(1 2 3))
              => nil
          (-none? 'even? '(1 3 5))
              => t
          (--none? (= 0 (% it 2)) '(1 2 3))
              => nil

 -- Function: -only-some? (pred list)
     Return `t` if at least one item of LIST matches PRED and at
     least one item of LIST does not match PRED.  Return `nil` both
     if all items match the predicate or if none of the items match
     the predicate.

     Alias: `-only-some-p'

          (-only-some? 'even? '(1 2 3))
              => t
          (-only-some? 'even? '(1 3 5))
              => nil
          (-only-some? 'even? '(2 4 6))
              => nil

 -- Function: -contains? (list element)
     Return non-nil if LIST contains ELEMENT.

     The test for equality is done with `equal', or with `-compare-fn'
     if that's non-nil.

     Alias: `-contains-p'

          (-contains? '(1 2 3) 1)
              => t
          (-contains? '(1 2 3) 2)
              => t
          (-contains? '(1 2 3) 4)
              => nil

 -- Function: -same-items? (list list2)
     Return true if LIST and LIST2 has the same items.

     The order of the elements in the lists does not matter.

     Alias: `-same-items-p'

          (-same-items? '(1 2 3) '(1 2 3))
              => t
          (-same-items? '(1 2 3) '(3 2 1))
              => t
          (-same-items? '(1 2 3) '(1 2 3 4))
              => nil

 -- Function: -is-prefix? (prefix list)
     Return non-nil if PREFIX is prefix of LIST.

     Alias: `-is-prefix-p'

          (-is-prefix? '(1 2 3) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => t
          (-is-prefix? '(1 2 3 4 5) '(1 2 3))
              => nil
          (-is-prefix? '(1 3) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => nil

 -- Function: -is-suffix? (suffix list)
     Return non-nil if SUFFIX is suffix of LIST.

     Alias: `-is-suffix-p'

          (-is-suffix? '(3 4 5) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => t
          (-is-suffix? '(1 2 3 4 5) '(3 4 5))
              => nil
          (-is-suffix? '(3 5) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => nil

 -- Function: -is-infix? (infix list)
     Return non-nil if INFIX is infix of LIST.

     This operation runs in O(n^2) time

     Alias: `-is-infix-p'

          (-is-infix? '(1 2 3) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => t
          (-is-infix? '(2 3 4) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => t
          (-is-infix? '(3 4 5) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => t


File: dash.info,  Node: Partitioning,  Next: Indexing,  Prev: Predicates,  Up: Functions

2.7 Partitioning
================

Functions partitioning the input list into a list of lists.

 -- Function: -split-at (n list)
     Return a list of ((-take N LIST) (-drop N LIST)), in no more
     than one pass through the list.

          (-split-at 3 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '((1 2 3) (4 5))
          (-split-at 17 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '((1 2 3 4 5) nil)

 -- Function: -split-with (pred list)
     Return a list of ((-take-while PRED LIST) (-drop-while PRED
     LIST)), in no more than one pass through the list.

          (-split-with 'even? '(1 2 3 4))
              => '(nil (1 2 3 4))
          (-split-with 'even? '(2 4 5 6))
              => '((2 4) (5 6))
          (--split-with (< it 4) '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '((1 2 3) (4 3 2 1))

 -- Function: -split-on (item list)
     Split the LIST each time ITEM is found.

     Unlike `-partition-by' (*note -partition-by::), the ITEM is
     discarded from the results.  Empty lists are also removed from
     the result.

     Comparison is done by `equal'.

     See also `-split-when' (*note -split-when::)

          (-split-on '| '(Nil | Leaf a | Node [Tree a]))
              => '((Nil) (Leaf a) (Node [Tree a]))
          (-split-on ':endgroup '("a" "b" :endgroup "c" :endgroup "d" "e"))
              => '(("a" "b") ("c") ("d" "e"))
          (-split-on ':endgroup '("a" "b" :endgroup :endgroup "d" "e"))
              => '(("a" "b") ("d" "e"))

 -- Function: -split-when (fn list)
     Split the LIST on each element where FN returns non-nil.

     Unlike `-partition-by' (*note -partition-by::), the "matched"
     element is discarded from the results.  Empty lists are also
     removed from the result.

     This function can be thought of as a generalization of
     `split-string'.

          (-split-when 'even? '(1 2 3 4 5 6))
              => '((1) (3) (5))
          (-split-when 'even? '(1 2 3 4 6 8 9))
              => '((1) (3) (9))
          (--split-when (memq it '(&optional &rest)) '(a b &optional c d &rest args))
              => '((a b) (c d) (args))

 -- Function: -separate (pred list)
     Return a list of ((-filter PRED LIST) (-remove PRED LIST)), in
     one pass through the list.

          (-separate (lambda (num) (= 0 (% num 2))) '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '((2 4 6) (1 3 5 7))
          (--separate (< it 5) '(3 7 5 9 3 2 1 4 6))
              => '((3 3 2 1 4) (7 5 9 6))
          (-separate 'cdr '((1 2) (1) (1 2 3) (4)))
              => '(((1 2) (1 2 3)) ((1) (4)))

 -- Function: -partition (n list)
     Return a new list with the items in LIST grouped into N-sized
     sublists.  If there are not enough items to make the last group
     N-sized, those items are discarded.

          (-partition 2 '(1 2 3 4 5 6))
              => '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6))
          (-partition 2 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6))
          (-partition 3 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '((1 2 3) (4 5 6))

 -- Function: -partition-all (n list)
     Return a new list with the items in LIST grouped into N-sized
     sublists.  The last group may contain less than N items.

          (-partition-all 2 '(1 2 3 4 5 6))
              => '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6))
          (-partition-all 2 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6) (7))
          (-partition-all 3 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7))

 -- Function: -partition-in-steps (n step list)
     Return a new list with the items in LIST grouped into N-sized
     sublists at offsets STEP apart.  If there are not enough items
     to make the last group N-sized, those items are discarded.

          (-partition-in-steps 2 1 '(1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2) (2 3) (3 4))
          (-partition-in-steps 3 2 '(1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2 3))
          (-partition-in-steps 3 2 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '((1 2 3) (3 4 5))

 -- Function: -partition-all-in-steps (n step list)
     Return a new list with the items in LIST grouped into N-sized
     sublists at offsets STEP apart.  The last groups may contain
     less than N items.

          (-partition-all-in-steps 2 1 '(1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2) (2 3) (3 4) (4))
          (-partition-all-in-steps 3 2 '(1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2 3) (3 4))
          (-partition-all-in-steps 3 2 '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '((1 2 3) (3 4 5) (5))

 -- Function: -partition-by (fn list)
     Apply FN to each item in LIST, splitting it each time FN returns
     a new value.

          (-partition-by 'even? '())
              => '()
          (-partition-by 'even? '(1 1 2 2 2 3 4 6 8))
              => '((1 1) (2 2 2) (3) (4 6 8))
          (--partition-by (< it 3) '(1 2 3 4 3 2 1))
              => '((1 2) (3 4 3) (2 1))

 -- Function: -partition-by-header (fn list)
     Apply FN to the first item in LIST. That is the header value.
     Apply FN to each item in LIST, splitting it each time FN returns
     the header value, but only after seeing at least one other value
     (the body).

          (--partition-by-header (= it 1) '(1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4))
              => '((1 2 3) (1 2) (1 2 3 4))
          (--partition-by-header (> it 0) '(1 2 0 1 0 1 2 3 0))
              => '((1 2 0) (1 0) (1 2 3 0))
          (-partition-by-header 'even? '(2 1 1 1 4 1 3 5 6 6 1))
              => '((2 1 1 1) (4 1 3 5) (6 6 1))

 -- Function: -group-by (fn list)
     Separate LIST into an alist whose keys are FN applied to the
     elements of LIST.  Keys are compared by `equal'.

          (-group-by 'even? '())
              => '()
          (-group-by 'even? '(1 1 2 2 2 3 4 6 8))
              => '((nil 1 1 3) (t 2 2 2 4 6 8))
          (--group-by (car (split-string it "/")) '("a/b" "c/d" "a/e"))
              => '(("a" "a/b" "a/e") ("c" "c/d"))


File: dash.info,  Node: Indexing,  Next: Set operations,  Prev: Partitioning,  Up: Functions

2.8 Indexing
============

Return indices of elements based on predicates, sort elements by
indices etc.

 -- Function: -elem-index (elem list)
     Return the index of the first element in the given LIST which is
     equal to the query element ELEM, or nil if there is no such
     element.

          (-elem-index 2 '(6 7 8 2 3 4))
              => 3
          (-elem-index "bar" '("foo" "bar" "baz"))
              => 1
          (-elem-index '(1 2) '((3) (5 6) (1 2) nil))
              => 2

 -- Function: -elem-indices (elem list)
     Return the indices of all elements in LIST equal to the query
     element ELEM, in ascending order.

          (-elem-indices 2 '(6 7 8 2 3 4 2 1))
              => '(3 6)
          (-elem-indices "bar" '("foo" "bar" "baz"))
              => '(1)
          (-elem-indices '(1 2) '((3) (1 2) (5 6) (1 2) nil))
              => '(1 3)

 -- Function: -find-index (pred list)
     Take a predicate PRED and a LIST and return the index of the
     first element in the list satisfying the predicate, or nil if
     there is no such element.

          (-find-index 'even? '(2 4 1 6 3 3 5 8))
              => 0
          (--find-index (< 5 it) '(2 4 1 6 3 3 5 8))
              => 3
          (-find-index (-partial 'string-lessp "baz") '("bar" "foo" "baz"))
              => 1

 -- Function: -find-last-index (pred list)
     Take a predicate PRED and a LIST and return the index of the
     last element in the list satisfying the predicate, or nil if
     there is no such element.

          (-find-last-index 'even? '(2 4 1 6 3 3 5 8))
              => 7
          (--find-last-index (< 5 it) '(2 7 1 6 3 8 5 2))
              => 5
          (-find-last-index (-partial 'string-lessp "baz") '("q" "foo" "baz"))
              => 1

 -- Function: -find-indices (pred list)
     Return the indices of all elements in LIST satisfying the
     predicate PRED, in ascending order.

          (-find-indices 'even? '(2 4 1 6 3 3 5 8))
              => '(0 1 3 7)
          (--find-indices (< 5 it) '(2 4 1 6 3 3 5 8))
              => '(3 7)
          (-find-indices (-partial 'string-lessp "baz") '("bar" "foo" "baz"))
              => '(1)

 -- Function: -grade-up (comparator list)
     Grade elements of LIST using COMPARATOR relation, yielding a
     permutation vector such that applying this permutation to LIST
     sorts it in ascending order.

          (-grade-up '< '(3 1 4 2 1 3 3))
              => '(1 4 3 0 5 6 2)
          (let ((l '(3 1 4 2 1 3 3))) (-select-by-indices (-grade-up '< l) l))
              => '(1 1 2 3 3 3 4)

 -- Function: -grade-down (comparator list)
     Grade elements of LIST using COMPARATOR relation, yielding a
     permutation vector such that applying this permutation to LIST
     sorts it in descending order.

          (-grade-down '< '(3 1 4 2 1 3 3))
              => '(2 0 5 6 3 1 4)
          (let ((l '(3 1 4 2 1 3 3))) (-select-by-indices (-grade-down '< l) l))
              => '(4 3 3 3 2 1 1)


File: dash.info,  Node: Set operations,  Next: Other list operations,  Prev: Indexing,  Up: Functions

2.9 Set operations
==================

Operations pretending lists are sets.

 -- Function: -union (list list2)
     Return a new list containing the elements of LIST1 and elements
     of LIST2 that are not in LIST1.  The test for equality is done
     with `equal', or with `-compare-fn' if that's non-nil.

          (-union '(1 2 3) '(3 4 5))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5)
          (-union '(1 2 3 4) '())
              => '(1 2 3 4)
          (-union '(1 1 2 2) '(3 2 1))
              => '(1 1 2 2 3)

 -- Function: -difference (list list2)
     Return a new list with only the members of LIST that are not in
     LIST2.  The test for equality is done with `equal', or with
     `-compare-fn' if that's non-nil.

          (-difference '() '())
              => '()
          (-difference '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '(1 2 3)
          (-difference '(1 2 3 4) '(3 4 5 6))
              => '(1 2)

 -- Function: -intersection (list list2)
     Return a new list containing only the elements that are members
     of both LIST and LIST2.  The test for equality is done with
     `equal', or with `-compare-fn' if that's non-nil.

          (-intersection '() '())
              => '()
          (-intersection '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '()
          (-intersection '(1 2 3 4) '(3 4 5 6))
              => '(3 4)

 -- Function: -distinct (list)
     Return a new list with all duplicates removed.  The test for
     equality is done with `equal', or with `-compare-fn' if that's
     non-nil.

     Alias: `-uniq'

          (-distinct '())
              => '()
          (-distinct '(1 2 2 4))
              => '(1 2 4)


File: dash.info,  Node: Other list operations,  Next: Tree operations,  Prev: Set operations,  Up: Functions

2.10 Other list operations
==========================

Other list functions not fit to be classified elsewhere.

 -- Function: -rotate (n list)
     Rotate LIST N places to the right.  With N negative, rotate to
     the left.  The time complexity is O(n).

          (-rotate 3 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '(5 6 7 1 2 3 4)
          (-rotate -3 '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
              => '(4 5 6 7 1 2 3)

 -- Function: -repeat (n x)
     Return a list with X repeated N times.  Return nil if N is less
     than 1.

          (-repeat 3 :a)
              => '(:a :a :a)
          (-repeat 1 :a)
              => '(:a)
          (-repeat 0 :a)
              => nil

 -- Function: -cons* (&rest args)
     Make a new list from the elements of ARGS.

     The last 2 members of ARGS are used as the final cons of the
     result so if the final member of ARGS is not a list the result is
     a dotted list.

          (-cons* 1 2)
              => '(1 . 2)
          (-cons* 1 2 3)
              => '(1 2 . 3)
          (-cons* 1)
              => 1

 -- Function: -snoc (list elem &rest elements)
     Append ELEM to the end of the list.

     This is like `cons', but operates on the end of list.

     If ELEMENTS is non nil, append these to the list as well.

          (-snoc '(1 2 3) 4)
              => '(1 2 3 4)
          (-snoc '(1 2 3) 4 5 6)
              => '(1 2 3 4 5 6)
          (-snoc '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '(1 2 3 (4 5 6))

 -- Function: -interpose (sep list)
     Return a new list of all elements in LIST separated by SEP.

          (-interpose "-" '())
              => '()
          (-interpose "-" '("a"))
              => '("a")
          (-interpose "-" '("a" "b" "c"))
              => '("a" "-" "b" "-" "c")

 -- Function: -interleave (&rest lists)
     Return a new list of the first item in each list, then the
     second etc.

          (-interleave '(1 2) '("a" "b"))
              => '(1 "a" 2 "b")
          (-interleave '(1 2) '("a" "b") '("A" "B"))
              => '(1 "a" "A" 2 "b" "B")
          (-interleave '(1 2 3) '("a" "b"))
              => '(1 "a" 2 "b")

 -- Function: -zip-with (fn list1 list2)
     Zip the two lists LIST1 and LIST2 using a function FN.  This
     function is applied pairwise taking as first argument element of
     LIST1 and as second argument element of LIST2 at corresponding
     position.

     The anaphoric form `--zip-with' binds the elements from LIST1 as
     `it`, and the elements from LIST2 as `other`.

          (-zip-with '+ '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '(5 7 9)
          (-zip-with 'cons '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '((1 . 4) (2 . 5) (3 . 6))
          (--zip-with (concat it " and " other) '("Batman" "Jekyll") '("Robin" "Hyde"))
              => '("Batman and Robin" "Jekyll and Hyde")

 -- Function: -zip (&rest lists)
     Zip LISTS together.  Group the head of each list, followed by the
     second elements of each list, and so on. The lengths of the
     returned groupings are equal to the length of the shortest input
     list.

     If two lists are provided as arguments, return the groupings as
     a list of cons cells. Otherwise, return the groupings as a list
     of lists.

          (-zip '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '((1 . 4) (2 . 5) (3 . 6))
          (-zip '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6 7))
              => '((1 . 4) (2 . 5) (3 . 6))
          (-zip '(1 2 3 4) '(4 5 6))
              => '((1 . 4) (2 . 5) (3 . 6))

 -- Function: -zip-fill (fill-value &rest lists)
     Zip LISTS, with FILL-VALUE padded onto the shorter lists. The
     lengths of the returned groupings are equal to the length of the
     longest input list.

          (-zip-fill 0 '(1 2 3 4 5) '(6 7 8 9))
              => '((1 . 6) (2 . 7) (3 . 8) (4 . 9) (5 . 0))

 -- Function: -cycle (list)
     Return an infinite copy of LIST that will cycle through the
     elements and repeat from the beginning.

          (-take 5 (-cycle '(1 2 3)))
              => '(1 2 3 1 2)
          (-take 7 (-cycle '(1 "and" 3)))
              => '(1 "and" 3 1 "and" 3 1)
          (-zip (-cycle '(1 2 3)) '(1 2))
              => '((1 . 1) (2 . 2))

 -- Function: -pad (fill-value &rest lists)
     Appends FILL-VALUE to the end of each list in LISTS such that
     they will all have the same length.

          (-pad 0 '())
              => '(nil)
          (-pad 0 '(1))
              => '((1))
          (-pad 0 '(1 2 3) '(4 5))
              => '((1 2 3) (4 5 0))

 -- Function: -table (fn &rest lists)
     Compute outer product of LISTS using function FN.

     The function FN should have the same arity as the number of
     supplied lists.

     The outer product is computed by applying fn to all possible
     combinations created by taking one element from each list in
     order.  The dimension of the result is (length lists).

     See also: `-table-flat' (*note -table-flat::)

          (-table '* '(1 2 3) '(1 2 3))
              => '((1 2 3) (2 4 6) (3 6 9))
          (-table (lambda (a b) (-sum (-zip-with '* a b))) '((1 2) (3 4)) '((1 3) (2 4)))
              => '((7 15) (10 22))
          (apply '-table 'list (-repeat 3 '(1 2)))
              => '((((1 1 1) (2 1 1)) ((1 2 1) (2 2 1))) (((1 1 2) (2 1 2)) ((1 2 2) (2 2 2))))

 -- Function: -table-flat (fn &rest lists)
     Compute flat outer product of LISTS using function FN.

     The function FN should have the same arity as the number of
     supplied lists.

     The outer product is computed by applying fn to all possible
     combinations created by taking one element from each list in
     order.  The results are flattened, ignoring the tensor structure
     of the result.  This is equivalent to calling:

     (-flatten-n (1- (length lists)) (-table fn lists))

     but the implementation here is much more efficient.

     See also: `-flatten-n' (*note -flatten-n::), `-table' (*note
     -table::)

          (-table-flat 'list '(1 2 3) '(a b c))
              => '((1 a) (2 a) (3 a) (1 b) (2 b) (3 b) (1 c) (2 c) (3 c))
          (-table-flat '* '(1 2 3) '(1 2 3))
              => '(1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9)
          (apply '-table-flat 'list (-repeat 3 '(1 2)))
              => '((1 1 1) (2 1 1) (1 2 1) (2 2 1) (1 1 2) (2 1 2) (1 2 2) (2 2 2))

 -- Function: -first (pred list)
     Return the first x in LIST where (PRED x) is non-nil, else nil.

     To get the first item in the list no questions asked, use `car'.

     Alias: `-find'

          (-first 'even? '(1 2 3))
              => 2
          (-first 'even? '(1 3 5))
              => nil
          (--first (> it 2) '(1 2 3))
              => 3

 -- Function: -some (pred list)
     Return (PRED x) for the first LIST item where (PRED x) is
     non-nil, else nil.

     Alias: `-any'

          (-some 'even? '(1 2 3))
              => t
          (--some (member 'foo it) '((foo bar) (baz)))
              => '(foo bar)
          (--some (plist-get it :bar) '((:foo 1 :bar 2) (:baz 3)))
              => 2

 -- Function: -last (pred list)
     Return the last x in LIST where (PRED x) is non-nil, else nil.

          (-last 'even? '(1 2 3 4 5 6 3 3 3))
              => 6
          (-last 'even? '(1 3 7 5 9))
              => nil
          (--last (> (length it) 3) '("a" "looong" "word" "and" "short" "one"))
              => "short"

 -- Function: -first-item (list)
     Return the first item of LIST, or nil on an empty list.

          (-first-item '(1 2 3))
              => 1
          (-first-item nil)
              => nil

 -- Function: -last-item (list)
     Return the last item of LIST, or nil on an empty list.

          (-last-item '(1 2 3))
              => 3
          (-last-item nil)
              => nil

 -- Function: -butlast (list)
     Return a list of all items in list except for the last.

          (-butlast '(1 2 3))
              => '(1 2)
          (-butlast '(1 2))
              => '(1)
          (-butlast '(1))
              => nil

 -- Function: -sort (comparator list)
     Sort LIST, stably, comparing elements using COMPARATOR.  Return
     the sorted list.  LIST is NOT modified by side effects.
     COMPARATOR is called with two elements of LIST, and should
     return non-nil if the first element should sort before the
     second.

          (-sort '< '(3 1 2))
              => '(1 2 3)
          (-sort '> '(3 1 2))
              => '(3 2 1)
          (--sort (< it other) '(3 1 2))
              => '(1 2 3)

 -- Function: -list (&rest args)
     Return a list with ARGS.

     If first item of ARGS is already a list, simply return ARGS.  If
     not, return a list with ARGS as elements.

          (-list 1)
              => '(1)
          (-list 1 2 3)
              => '(1 2 3)
          (-list '(1 2 3))
              => '(1 2 3)

 -- Function: -fix (fn list)
     Compute the (least) fixpoint of FN with initial input LIST.

     FN is called at least once, results are compared with `equal'.

          (-fix (lambda (l) (-non-nil (--mapcat (-split-at (/ (length it) 2) it) l))) '((1 2 3 4 5 6)))
              => '((1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6))
          (let ((data '(("starwars" "scifi") ("jedi" "starwars" "warrior")))) (--fix (-uniq (--mapcat (cons it (cdr (assoc it data))) it)) '("jedi" "book")))
              => '("jedi" "starwars" "warrior" "scifi" "book")


File: dash.info,  Node: Tree operations,  Next: Threading macros,  Prev: Other list operations,  Up: Functions

2.11 Tree operations
====================

Functions pretending lists are trees.

 -- Function: -tree-seq (branch children tree)
     Return a sequence of the nodes in TREE, in depth-first search
     order.

     BRANCH is a predicate of one argument that returns non-nil if the
     passed argument is a branch, that is, a node that can have
     children.

     CHILDREN is a function of one argument that returns the children
     of the passed branch node.

     Non-branch nodes are simply copied.

          (-tree-seq 'listp 'identity '(1 (2 3) 4 (5 (6 7))))
              => '((1 (2 3) 4 (5 (6 7))) 1 (2 3) 2 3 4 (5 (6 7)) 5 (6 7) 6 7)
          (-tree-seq 'listp 'reverse '(1 (2 3) 4 (5 (6 7))))
              => '((1 (2 3) 4 (5 (6 7))) (5 (6 7)) (6 7) 7 6 5 4 (2 3) 3 2 1)
          (--tree-seq (vectorp it) (append it nil) [1 [2 3] 4 [5 [6 7]]])
              => '([1 [2 3] 4 [5 [6 7]]] 1 [2 3] 2 3 4 [5 [6 7]] 5 [6 7] 6 7)

 -- Function: -tree-map (fn tree)
     Apply FN to each element of TREE while preserving the tree
     structure.

          (-tree-map '1+ '(1 (2 3) (4 (5 6) 7)))
              => '(2 (3 4) (5 (6 7) 8))
          (-tree-map '(lambda (x) (cons x (expt 2 x))) '(1 (2 3) 4))
              => '((1 . 2) ((2 . 4) (3 . 8)) (4 . 16))
          (--tree-map (length it) '("<body>" ("<p>" "text" "</p>") "</body>"))
              => '(6 (3 4 4) 7)

 -- Function: -tree-map-nodes (pred fun tree)
     Call FUN on each node of TREE that satisfies PRED.

     If PRED returns nil, continue descending down this node.  If PRED
     returns non-nil, apply FUN to this node and do not descend
     further.

          (-tree-map-nodes 'vectorp (lambda (x) (-sum (append x nil))) '(1 [2 3] 4 (5 [6 7] 8)))
              => '(1 5 4 (5 13 8))
          (-tree-map-nodes 'keywordp (lambda (x) (symbol-name x)) '(1 :foo 4 ((5 6 :bar) :baz 8)))
              => '(1 ":foo" 4 ((5 6 ":bar") ":baz" 8))
          (--tree-map-nodes (eq (car-safe it) 'add-mode) (-concat it (list :mode 'emacs-lisp-mode)) '(with-mode emacs-lisp-mode (foo bar) (add-mode a b) (baz (add-mode c d))))
              => '(with-mode emacs-lisp-mode (foo bar) (add-mode a b :mode emacs-lisp-mode) (baz (add-mode c d :mode emacs-lisp-mode)))

 -- Function: -tree-reduce (fn tree)
     Use FN to reduce elements of list TREE.  If elements of TREE are
     lists themselves, apply the reduction recursively.

     FN is first applied to first element of the list and second
     element, then on this result and third element from the list etc.

     See `-reduce-r' (*note -reduce-r::) for how exactly are lists of
     zero or one element handled.

          (-tree-reduce '+ '(1 (2 3) (4 5)))
              => 15
          (-tree-reduce 'concat '("strings" (" on" " various") ((" levels"))))
              => "strings on various levels"
          (--tree-reduce (cond ((stringp it) (concat it " " acc)) (t (let ((sn (symbol-name it))) (concat "<" sn ">" acc "</" sn ">")))) '(body (p "some words") (div "more" (b "bold") "words")))
              => "<body><p>some words</p> <div>more <b>bold</b> words</div></body>"

 -- Function: -tree-reduce-from (fn init-value tree)
     Use FN to reduce elements of list TREE.  If elements of TREE are
     lists themselves, apply the reduction recursively.

     FN is first applied to INIT-VALUE and first element of the list,
     then on this result and second element from the list etc.

     The initial value is ignored on cons pairs as they always contain
     two elements.

          (-tree-reduce-from '+ 1 '(1 (1 1) ((1))))
              => 8
          (--tree-reduce-from (-concat acc (list it)) nil '(1 (2 3 (4 5)) (6 7)))
              => '((7 6) ((5 4) 3 2) 1)

 -- Function: -tree-mapreduce (fn folder tree)
     Apply FN to each element of TREE, and make a list of the results.
     If elements of TREE are lists themselves, apply FN recursively to
     elements of these nested lists.

     Then reduce the resulting lists using FOLDER and initial value
     INIT-VALUE. See `-reduce-r-from' (*note -reduce-r-from::).

     This is the same as calling `-tree-reduce' (*note
     -tree-reduce::) after `-tree-map' (*note -tree-map::) but is
     twice as fast as it only traverse the structure once.

          (-tree-mapreduce 'list 'append '(1 (2 (3 4) (5 6)) (7 (8 9))))
              => '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
          (--tree-mapreduce 1 (+ it acc) '(1 (2 (4 9) (2 1)) (7 (4 3))))
              => 9
          (--tree-mapreduce 0 (max acc (1+ it)) '(1 (2 (4 9) (2 1)) (7 (4 3))))
              => 3

 -- Function: -tree-mapreduce-from (fn folder init-value tree)
     Apply FN to each element of TREE, and make a list of the results.
     If elements of TREE are lists themselves, apply FN recursively to
     elements of these nested lists.

     Then reduce the resulting lists using FOLDER and initial value
     INIT-VALUE. See `-reduce-r-from' (*note -reduce-r-from::).

     This is the same as calling `-tree-reduce-from' (*note
     -tree-reduce-from::) after `-tree-map' (*note -tree-map::) but
     is twice as fast as it only traverse the structure once.

          (-tree-mapreduce-from 'identity '* 1 '(1 (2 (3 4) (5 6)) (7 (8 9))))
              => 362880
          (--tree-mapreduce-from (+ it it) (cons it acc) nil '(1 (2 (4 9) (2 1)) (7 (4 3))))
              => '(2 (4 (8 18) (4 2)) (14 (8 6)))
          (concat "{" (--tree-mapreduce-from (cond ((-cons-pair? it) (concat (symbol-name (car it)) " -> " (symbol-name (cdr it)))) (t (concat (symbol-name it) " : {"))) (concat it (unless (or (equal acc "}") (equal (substring it (1- (length it))) "{")) ", ") acc) "}" '((elips-mode (foo (bar . booze)) (baz . qux)) (c-mode (foo . bla) (bum . bam)))))
              => "{elips-mode : {foo : {bar -> booze{, baz -> qux{, c-mode : {foo -> bla, bum -> bam}}"

 -- Function: -clone (list)
     Create a deep copy of LIST.  The new list has the same elements
     and structure but all cons are replaced with new ones.  This is
     useful when you need to clone a structure such as plist or alist.

          (let* ((a '(1 2 3)) (b (-clone a))) (nreverse a) b)
              => '(1 2 3)


File: dash.info,  Node: Threading macros,  Next: Binding,  Prev: Tree operations,  Up: Functions

2.12 Threading macros
=====================

 -- Function: -> (x &optional form &rest more)
     Thread the expr through the forms. Insert X as the second item
     in the first form, making a list of it if it is not a list
     already. If there are more forms, insert the first form as the
     second item in second form, etc.

          (-> '(2 3 5))
              => '(2 3 5)
          (-> '(2 3 5) (append '(8 13)))
              => '(2 3 5 8 13)
          (-> '(2 3 5) (append '(8 13)) (-slice 1 -1))
              => '(3 5 8)

 -- Function: ->> (x &optional form &rest more)
     Thread the expr through the forms. Insert X as the last item in
     the first form, making a list of it if it is not a list already.
     If there are more forms, insert the first form as the last item
     in second form, etc.

          (->> '(1 2 3) (-map 'square))
              => '(1 4 9)
          (->> '(1 2 3) (-map 'square) (-remove 'even?))
              => '(1 9)
          (->> '(1 2 3) (-map 'square) (-reduce '+))
              => 14

 -- Function: -> (x form &rest more)
     Thread the expr through the forms. Insert X at the position
     signified by the token `it' in the first form. If there are more
     forms, insert the first form at the position signified by `it' in
     in second form, etc.

          (--> "def" (concat "abc" it "ghi"))
              => "abcdefghi"
          (--> "def" (concat "abc" it "ghi") (upcase it))
              => "ABCDEFGHI"
          (--> "def" (concat "abc" it "ghi") upcase)
              => "ABCDEFGHI"

 -- Function: -some-> (x &optional form &rest more)
     When expr is non-nil, thread it through the first form (via `->'
     (*note ->::)), and when that result is non-nil, through the next
     form, etc.

          (-some-> '(2 3 5))
              => '(2 3 5)
          (-some-> 5 square)
              => 25
          (-some-> 5 even? square)
              => nil

 -- Function: -some->> (x &optional form &rest more)
     When expr is non-nil, thread it through the first form (via
     `->>' (*note ->>::)), and when that result is non-nil, through
     the next form, etc.

          (-some->> '(1 2 3) (-map 'square))
              => '(1 4 9)
          (-some->> '(1 3 5) (-last 'even?) (+ 100))
              => nil
          (-some->> '(2 4 6) (-last 'even?) (+ 100))
              => 106

 -- Function: -some-> (x &optional form &rest more)
     When expr in non-nil, thread it through the first form (via
     `-->' (*note -->::)), and when that result is non-nil, through
     the next form, etc.

          (-some--> "def" (concat "abc" it "ghi"))
              => "abcdefghi"
          (-some--> nil (concat "abc" it "ghi"))
              => nil
          (-some--> '(1 3 5) (-filter 'even? it) (append it it) (-map 'square it))
              => nil


File: dash.info,  Node: Binding,  Next: Side-effects,  Prev: Threading macros,  Up: Functions

2.13 Binding
============

Convenient versions of `let` and `let*` constructs combined with flow
control.

 -- Function: -when-let (var-val &rest body)
     If VAL evaluates to non-nil, bind it to VAR and execute body.
     VAR-VAL should be a (VAR VAL) pair.

     Note: binding is done according to `-let' (*note -let::).

          (-when-let (match-index (string-match "d" "abcd")) (+ match-index 2))
              => 5
          (-when-let ((&plist :foo foo) (list :foo "foo")) foo)
              => "foo"
          (-when-let ((&plist :foo foo) (list :bar "bar")) foo)
              => nil

 -- Function: -when-let* (vars-vals &rest body)
     If all VALS evaluate to true, bind them to their corresponding
     VARS and execute body. VARS-VALS should be a list of (VAR VAL)
     pairs.

     Note: binding is done according to `-let*' (*note -let*::).
     VALS are evaluated sequentially, and evaluation stops after the
     first nil VAL is encountered.

          (-when-let* ((x 5) (y 3) (z (+ y 4))) (+ x y z))
              => 15
          (-when-let* ((x 5) (y nil) (z 7)) (+ x y z))
              => nil

 -- Function: -if-let (var-val then &rest else)
     If VAL evaluates to non-nil, bind it to VAR and do THEN,
     otherwise do ELSE. VAR-VAL should be a (VAR VAL) pair.

     Note: binding is done according to `-let' (*note -let::).

          (-if-let (match-index (string-match "d" "abc")) (+ match-index 3) 7)
              => 7
          (--if-let (even? 4) it nil)
              => t

 -- Function: -if-let* (vars-vals then &rest else)
     If all VALS evaluate to true, bind them to their corresponding
     VARS and do THEN, otherwise do ELSE. VARS-VALS should be a list
     of (VAR VAL) pairs.

     Note: binding is done according to `-let*' (*note -let*::).
     VALS are evaluated sequentially, and evaluation stops after the
     first nil VAL is encountered.

          (-if-let* ((x 5) (y 3) (z 7)) (+ x y z) "foo")
              => 15
          (-if-let* ((x 5) (y nil) (z 7)) (+ x y z) "foo")
              => "foo"
          (-if-let* (((_ _ x) '(nil nil 7))) x)
              => 7

 -- Function: -let (varlist &rest body)
     Bind variables according to VARLIST then eval BODY.

     VARLIST is a list of lists of the form (PATTERN SOURCE).  Each
     PATTERN is matched against the SOURCE "structurally".  SOURCE is
     only evaluated once for each PATTERN.  Each PATTERN is matched
     recursively, and can therefore contain sub-patterns which are
     matched against corresponding sub-expressions of SOURCE.

     All the SOURCEs are evalled before any symbols are bound (i.e.
     "in parallel").

     If VARLIST only contains one (PATTERN SOURCE) element, you can
     optionally specify it using a vector and discarding the
     outer-most parens.  Thus

     (-let ((PATTERN SOURCE)) ..)

     becomes

     (-let [PATTERN SOURCE] ..).

     `-let' (*note -let::) uses a convention of not binding places
     (symbols) starting with _ whenever it's possible.  You can use
     this to skip over entries you don't care about.  However, this
     is not *always* possible (as a result of implementation) and
     these symbols might get bound to undefined values.

     Following is the overview of supported patterns.  Remember that
     patterns can be matched recursively, so every a, b, aK in the
     following can be a matching construct and not necessarily a
     symbol/variable.

     Symbol:

     a - bind the SOURCE to A.  This is just like regular `let'.

     Conses and lists:

     (a) - bind `car' of cons/list to A

     (a . b) - bind car of cons to A and `cdr' to B

     (a b) - bind car of list to A and `cadr' to B

     (a1 a2 a3  ...) - bind 0th car of list to A1, 1st to A2, 2nd to
     A3 ...

     (a1 a2 a3 ... aN . rest) - as above, but bind the Nth cdr to
     REST.

     Vectors:

     [a] - bind 0th element of a non-list sequence to A (works with
            vectors, strings, bit arrays...)

     [a1 a2 a3 ...] - bind 0th element of non-list sequence to A0,
     1st to                      A1, 2nd to A2, ...
        If the PATTERN is shorter than SOURCE, the values at
                 places not in PATTERN are ignored.
         If the PATTERN is longer than SOURCE, an `error' is
                 thrown.

     [a1 a2 a3 ... &rest rest] - as above, but bind the rest of
                              the sequence to REST.  This is
                            conceptually the same as improper list
                                  matching (a1 a2 ... aN . rest)

     Key/value stores:

     (&plist key0 a0 ... keyN aN) - bind value mapped by keyK in the
                                      SOURCE plist to aK.  If the
                                    value is not found, aK is nil.

     (&alist key0 a0 ... keyN aN) - bind value mapped by keyK in the
                                      SOURCE alist to aK.  If the
                                    value is not found, aK is nil.

     (&hash key0 a0 ... keyN aN) - bind value mapped by keyK in the
                                    SOURCE hash table to aK.  If the
                                      value is not found, aK is nil.

     Further, special keyword &keys supports "inline" matching of
     plist-like key-value pairs, similarly to &keys keyword of
     `cl-defun'.

     (a1 a2 ... aN &keys key1 b1 ... keyN bK)

     This binds N values from the list to a1 ... aN, then interprets
     the cdr as a plist (see key/value matching above).

     You can name the source using the syntax SYMBOL &as PATTERN.
     This syntax works with lists (proper or improper), vectors and
     all types of maps.

     (list &as a b c) (list 1 2 3)

     binds A to 1, B to 2, C to 3 and LIST to (1 2 3).

     Similarly:

     (bounds &as beg . end) (cons 1 2)

     binds BEG to 1, END to 2 and BOUNDS to (1 . 2).

     (items &as first . rest) (list 1 2 3)

     binds FIRST to 1, REST to (2 3) and ITEMS to (1 2 3)

     [vect &as _ b c] [1 2 3]

     binds B to 2, C to 3 and VECT to [1 2 3] (_ avoids binding as
     usual).

     (plist &as &plist :b b) (list :a 1 :b 2 :c 3)

     binds B to 2 and PLIST to (:a 1 :b 2 :c 3).  Same for &alist and
     &hash.

     This is especially useful when we want to capture the result of a
     computation and destructure at the same time.  Consider the form
     (function-returning-complex-structure) returning a list of two
     vectors with two items each.  We want to capture this entire
     result and pass it to another computation, but at the same time
     we want to get the second item from each vector.  We can achieve
     it with pattern

     (result &as [_ a] [_ b]) (function-returning-complex-structure)

     Note: Clojure programmers may know this feature as the ":as
     binding".  The difference is that we put the &as at the front
     because we need to support improper list binding.

          (-let (([a (b c) d] [1 (2 3) 4])) (list a b c d))
              => '(1 2 3 4)
          (-let [(a b c . d) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)] (list a b c d))
              => '(1 2 3 (4 5 6))
          (-let [(&plist :foo foo :bar bar) (list :baz 3 :foo 1 :qux 4 :bar 2)] (list foo bar))
              => '(1 2)

 -- Function: -let* (varlist &rest body)
     Bind variables according to VARLIST then eval BODY.

     VARLIST is a list of lists of the form (PATTERN SOURCE).  Each
     PATTERN is matched against the SOURCE structurally.  SOURCE is
     only evaluated once for each PATTERN.

     Each SOURCE can refer to the symbols already bound by this
     VARLIST.  This is useful if you want to destructure SOURCE
     recursively but also want to name the intermediate structures.

     See `-let' (*note -let::) for the list of all possible patterns.

          (-let* (((a . b) (cons 1 2)) ((c . d) (cons 3 4))) (list a b c d))
              => '(1 2 3 4)
          (-let* (((a . b) (cons 1 (cons 2 3))) ((c . d) b)) (list a b c d))
              => '(1 (2 . 3) 2 3)
          (-let* (((&alist "foo" foo "bar" bar) (list (cons "foo" 1) (cons "bar" (list 'a 'b 'c)))) ((a b c) bar)) (list foo a b c bar))
              => '(1 a b c (a b c))

 -- Function: -lambda (match-form &rest body)
     Return a lambda which destructures its input as MATCH-FORM and
     executes BODY.

     Note that you have to enclose the MATCH-FORM in a pair of parens,
     such that:

     (-lambda (x) body)     (-lambda (x y ...) body)

     has the usual semantics of `lambda'.  Furthermore, these get
     translated into normal lambda, so there is no performance
     penalty.

     See `-let' (*note -let::) for the description of destructuring
     mechanism.

          (-map (-lambda ((x y)) (+ x y)) '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6)))
              => '(3 7 11)
          (-map (-lambda ([x y]) (+ x y)) '([1 2] [3 4] [5 6]))
              => '(3 7 11)
          (funcall (-lambda ((_ . a) (_ . b)) (-concat a b)) '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6))
              => '(2 3 5 6)


File: dash.info,  Node: Side-effects,  Next: Destructive operations,  Prev: Binding,  Up: Functions

2.14 Side-effects
=================

Functions iterating over lists for side-effect only.

 -- Function: -each (list fn)
     Call FN with every item in LIST. Return nil, used for
     side-effects only.

          (let (s) (-each '(1 2 3) (lambda (item) (setq s (cons item s)))))
              => nil
          (let (s) (-each '(1 2 3) (lambda (item) (setq s (cons item s)))) s)
              => '(3 2 1)
          (let (s) (--each '(1 2 3) (setq s (cons it s))) s)
              => '(3 2 1)

 -- Function: -each-while (list pred fn)
     Call FN with every item in LIST while (PRED item) is non-nil.
     Return nil, used for side-effects only.

          (let (s) (-each-while '(2 4 5 6) 'even? (lambda (item) (!cons item s))) s)
              => '(4 2)
          (let (s) (--each-while '(1 2 3 4) (< it 3) (!cons it s)) s)
              => '(2 1)

 -- Function: -dotimes (num fn)
     Repeatedly calls FN (presumably for side-effects) passing in
     integers from 0 through NUM-1.

          (let (s) (-dotimes 3 (lambda (n) (!cons n s))) s)
              => '(2 1 0)
          (let (s) (--dotimes 5 (!cons it s)) s)
              => '(4 3 2 1 0)


File: dash.info,  Node: Destructive operations,  Next: Function combinators,  Prev: Side-effects,  Up: Functions

2.15 Destructive operations
===========================

 -- Function: !cons (car cdr)
     Destructive: Set CDR to the cons of CAR and CDR.

          (let (l) (!cons 5 l) l)
              => '(5)
          (let ((l '(3))) (!cons 5 l) l)
              => '(5 3)

 -- Function: !cdr (list)
     Destructive: Set LIST to the cdr of LIST.

          (let ((l '(3))) (!cdr l) l)
              => '()
          (let ((l '(3 5))) (!cdr l) l)
              => '(5)


File: dash.info,  Node: Function combinators,  Prev: Destructive operations,  Up: Functions

2.16 Function combinators
=========================

These combinators require Emacs 24 for its lexical scope. So they are
offered in a separate package: `dash-functional`.

 -- Function: -partial (fn &rest args)
     Takes a function FN and fewer than the normal arguments to FN,
     and returns a fn that takes a variable number of additional ARGS.
     When called, the returned function calls FN with ARGS first and
     then additional args.

          (funcall (-partial '- 5) 3)
              => 2
          (funcall (-partial '+ 5 2) 3)
              => 10

 -- Function: -rpartial (fn &rest args)
     Takes a function FN and fewer than the normal arguments to FN,
     and returns a fn that takes a variable number of additional ARGS.
     When called, the returned function calls FN with the additional
     args first and then ARGS.

          (funcall (-rpartial '- 5) 8)
              => 3
          (funcall (-rpartial '- 5 2) 10)
              => 3

 -- Function: -juxt (&rest fns)
     Takes a list of functions and returns a fn that is the
     juxtaposition of those fns. The returned fn takes a variable
     number of args, and returns a list containing the result of
     applying each fn to the args (left-to-right).

          (funcall (-juxt '+ '-) 3 5)
              => '(8 -2)
          (-map (-juxt 'identity 'square) '(1 2 3))
              => '((1 1) (2 4) (3 9))

 -- Function: -compose (&rest fns)
     Takes a list of functions and returns a fn that is the
     composition of those fns. The returned fn takes a variable
     number of arguments, and returns the result of applying each fn
     to the result of applying the previous fn to the arguments
     (right-to-left).

          (funcall (-compose 'square '+) 2 3)
              => (square (+ 2 3))
          (funcall (-compose 'identity 'square) 3)
              => (square 3)
          (funcall (-compose 'square 'identity) 3)
              => (square 3)

 -- Function: -applify (fn)
     Changes an n-arity function FN to a 1-arity function that
     expects a list with n items as arguments

          (-map (-applify '+) '((1 1 1) (1 2 3) (5 5 5)))
              => '(3 6 15)
          (-map (-applify (lambda (a b c) (\` ((\, a) ((\, b) ((\, c))))))) '((1 1 1) (1 2 3) (5 5 5)))
              => '((1 (1 (1))) (1 (2 (3))) (5 (5 (5))))
          (funcall (-applify '<) '(3 6))
              => t

 -- Function: -on (operator transformer)
     Return a function of two arguments that first applies
     TRANSFORMER to each of them and then applies OPERATOR on the
     results (in the same order).

     In types: (b -> b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> a -> c

          (-sort (-on '< 'length) '((1 2 3) (1) (1 2)))
              => '((1) (1 2) (1 2 3))
          (-min-by (-on '> 'length) '((1 2 3) (4) (1 2)))
              => '(4)
          (-min-by (-on 'string-lessp 'int-to-string) '(2 100 22))
              => 22

 -- Function: -flip (func)
     Swap the order of arguments for binary function FUNC.

     In types: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c

          (funcall (-flip '<) 2 1)
              => t
          (funcall (-flip '-) 3 8)
              => 5
          (-sort (-flip '<) '(4 3 6 1))
              => '(6 4 3 1)

 -- Function: -const (c)
     Return a function that returns C ignoring any additional
     arguments.

     In types: a -> b -> a

          (funcall (-const 2) 1 3 "foo")
              => 2
          (-map (-const 1) '("a" "b" "c" "d"))
              => '(1 1 1 1)
          (-sum (-map (-const 1) '("a" "b" "c" "d")))
              => 4

 -- Function: -cut (&rest params)
     Take n-ary function and n arguments and specialize some of them.
     Arguments denoted by <> will be left unspecialized.

     See SRFI-26 for detailed description.

          (funcall (-cut list 1 <> 3 <> 5) 2 4)
              => '(1 2 3 4 5)
          (-map (-cut funcall <> 5) '(1+ 1- (lambda (x) (/ 1.0 x))))
              => '(6 4 0.2)
          (-filter (-cut < <> 5) '(1 3 5 7 9))
              => '(1 3)

 -- Function: -not (pred)
     Take an unary predicates PRED and return an unary predicate that
     returns t if PRED returns nil and nil if PRED returns non-nil.

          (funcall (-not 'even?) 5)
              => t
          (-filter (-not (-partial '< 4)) '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8))
              => '(1 2 3 4)

 -- Function: -orfn (&rest preds)
     Take list of unary predicates PREDS and return an unary
     predicate with argument x that returns non-nil if at least one of
     the PREDS returns non-nil on x.

     In types: [a -> Bool] -> a -> Bool

          (-filter (-orfn 'even? (-partial (-flip '<) 5)) '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10))
              => '(1 2 3 4 6 8 10)
          (funcall (-orfn 'stringp 'even?) "foo")
              => t

 -- Function: -andfn (&rest preds)
     Take list of unary predicates PREDS and return an unary
     predicate with argument x that returns non-nil if all of the
     PREDS returns non-nil on x.

     In types: [a -> Bool] -> a -> Bool

          (funcall (-andfn (-cut < <> 10) 'even?) 6)
              => t
          (funcall (-andfn (-cut < <> 10) 'even?) 12)
              => nil
          (-filter (-andfn (-not 'even?) (-cut >= 5 <>)) '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10))
              => '(1 3 5)

 -- Function: -iteratefn (fn n)
     Return a function FN composed N times with itself.

     FN is a unary function.  If you need to use a function of higher
     arity, use `-applify' (*note -applify::) first to turn it into
     an unary function.

     With n = 0, this acts as identity function.

     In types: (a -> a) -> Int -> a -> a.

     This function satisfies the following law:

     (funcall (-iteratefn fn n) init) = (-last-item (-iterate fn init
     (1+ n))).

          (funcall (-iteratefn (lambda (x) (* x x)) 3) 2)
              => 256
          (funcall (-iteratefn '1+ 3) 1)
              => 4
          (funcall (-iteratefn 'cdr 3) '(1 2 3 4 5))
              => '(4 5)

 -- Function: -fixfn (fn &optional equal-test halt-test)
     Return a function that computes the (least) fixpoint of FN.

     FN must be a unary function. The returned lambda takes a single
     argument, X, the initial value for the fixpoint iteration. The
     iteration halts when either of the following conditions is
     satisified:

     1. Iteration converges to the fixpoint, with equality being
     tested using EQUAL-TEST. If EQUAL-TEST is not specified,
     `equal' is used. For functions over the floating point
     numbers, it may be necessary to provide an appropriate
     appoximate comparsion test.

     2. HALT-TEST returns a non-nil value. HALT-TEST defaults to a
       simple counter that returns t after `-fixfn-max-iterations',
         to guard against infinite iteration. Otherwise, HALT-TEST
        must be a function that accepts a single argument, the
     current value of X, and returns non-nil as long as iteration
      should continue. In this way, a more sophisticated
     convergence test may be supplied by the caller.

     The return value of the lambda is either the fixpoint or, if
     iteration halted before converging, a cons with car `halted' and
     cdr the final output from HALT-TEST.

     In types: (a -> a) -> a -> a.

          (funcall (-fixfn 'cos 'approx-equal) 0.7)
              => 0.7390851332151607
          (funcall (-fixfn (lambda (x) (expt (+ x 10) 0.25))) 2.0)
              => 1.8555845286409378
          (funcall (-fixfn 'sin 'approx-equal) 0.1)
              => '(halted . t)

 -- Function: -prodfn (&rest fns)
     Take a list of n functions and return a function that takes a
     list of length n, applying i-th function to i-th element of the
     input list.  Returns a list of length n.

     In types (for n=2): ((a -> b), (c -> d)) -> (a, c) -> (b, d)

     This function satisfies the following laws:

     (-compose (-prodfn f g ...) (-prodfn f' g' ...)) = (-prodfn
     (-compose f f') (-compose g g') ...)      (-prodfn f g ...) =
     (-juxt (-compose f (-partial 'nth 0)) (-compose g (-partial 'nth
     1)) ...)      (-compose (-prodfn f g ...) (-juxt f' g' ...)) =
     (-juxt (-compose f f') (-compose g g') ...)      (-compose
     (-partial 'nth n) (-prod f1 f2 ...)) = (-compose fn (-partial
     'nth n))

          (funcall (-prodfn '1+ '1- 'int-to-string) '(1 2 3))
              => '(2 1 "3")
          (-map (-prodfn '1+ '1-) '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6) (7 8)))
              => '((2 1) (4 3) (6 5) (8 7))
          (apply '+ (funcall (-prodfn 'length 'string-to-int) '((1 2 3) "15")))
              => 18


File: dash.info,  Node: Development,  Next: Index,  Prev: Functions,  Up: Top

3 Development
*************

The dash repository is hosted on GitHub:
`https://github.com/magnars/dash.el'

* Menu:

* Contribute::          How to contribute
* Changes::             List of significant changes by version
* Contributors::        List of contributors


File: dash.info,  Node: Contribute,  Next: Changes,  Up: Development

3.1 Contribute
==============

Yes, please do. Pure functions in the list manipulation realm only,
please. There's a suite of tests in dev/examples.el, so remember to
add tests for your function, or it might get broken later.

   Run the tests with `./run-tests.sh'. Create the docs with
`./create-docs.sh'. I highly recommend that you install these as a
pre-commit hook, so that the tests are always running and the docs are
always in sync:


cp pre-commit.sh .git/hooks/pre-commit

   Oh, and don't edit `README.md' directly, it is auto-generated.
Change `readme-template.md' or `examples-to-docs.el' instead.  The
same goes for the info manual.


File: dash.info,  Node: Changes,  Next: Contributors,  Prev: Contribute,  Up: Development

3.2 Changes
===========

Changes in 2.10:

   * Add `-let' destructuring to `-if-let' and `-when-let' (Fredrik
     Bergroth)

Changes in 2.9:

   * Add `-let', `-let*' and `-lambda' with destructuring

   * Add `-tree-seq' and `-tree-map-nodes'

   * Add `-non-nil'

   * Add `-fix'

   * Add `-fixfn' (dash-functional 1.2)

   * Add `-copy' (Wilfred Hughes)

Changes in 2.8:

   * Add `-butlast'

Changes in 2.7:

   * `-zip' now supports more than two lists (Steve Lamb)

   * Add `-cycle', `-pad', `-annotate', `-zip-fill' (Steve Lamb)

   * Add `-table', `-table-flat' (finite cartesian product)

   * Add `-flatten-n'

   * `-slice' now supports "step" argument

   * Add functional combinators `-iteratefn', `-prodfn'

   * Add `-replace', `-splice', `-splice-list' which generalize
     `-replace-at' and `-insert-at'

   * Add `-compose', `-iteratefn' and `-prodfn' (dash-functional 1.1)

Changes in 2.6:

   * Add `-is-prefix-p', `-is-suffix-p', `-is-infix-p' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-iterate', `-unfold' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-split-on', `-split-when' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-find-last-index' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-list' (Johan Andersson)

Changes in 2.5:

   * Add `-same-items?' (Johan Andersson)

   * A few bugfixes

Changes in 2.4:

   * Add `-snoc' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-replace-at', `-update-at', `-remove-at', and
     `-remove-at-indices' (Matus Goljer)

Changes in 2.3:

   * Add tree operations (Matus Goljer)

   * Make font-lock optional

Changes in 2.2:

   * Add `-compose' (Christina Whyte)

Changes in 2.1:

   * Add indexing operations (Matus Goljer)

Changes in 2.0:

   * Split out `dash-functional.el' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-andfn', `-orfn', `-not', `-cut', `-const', `-flip' and
     `-on'. (Matus Goljer)

   * Fix `-min', `-max', `-min-by' and `-max-by' (Matus Goljer)

Changes in 1.8:

   * Add `-first-item' and `-last-item' (Wilfred Hughes)

Changes in 1.7:

   * Add `-rotate' (Matus Goljer)

Changes in 1.6:

   * Add `-min', `-max', `-min-by' and `-max-by' (Johan Andersson)

Changes in 1.5:

   * Add `-sum' and `-product' (Johan Andersson)

Changes in 1.4:

   * Add `-sort'

   * Add `-reduce-r' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-reduce-r-from' (Matus Goljer)

Changes in 1.3:

   * Add `-partition-in-steps'

   * Add `-partition-all-in-steps'

Changes in 1.2:

   * Add `-last' (Matus Goljer)

   * Add `-insert-at' (Emanuel Evans)

   * Add `-when-let' and `-if-let' (Emanuel Evans)

   * Add `-when-let*' and `-if-let*' (Emanuel Evans)

   * Some bugfixes


File: dash.info,  Node: Contributors,  Prev: Changes,  Up: Development

3.3 Contributors
================

   * Matus Goljer (https://github.com/Fuco1) contributed lots of
     features and functions.

   * Takafumi Arakaki (https://github.com/tkf) contributed
     `-group-by'.

   * tali713 (https://github.com/tali713) is the author of `-applify'.

   * Víctor M. Valenzuela (https://github.com/vemv) contributed
     `-repeat'.

   * Nic Ferrier (https://github.com/nicferrier) contributed `-cons*'.

   * Wilfred Hughes (https://github.com/Wilfred) contributed
     `-slice', `-first-item' and `-last-item'.

   * Emanuel Evans (https://github.com/shosti) contributed `-if-let',
     `-when-let' and `-insert-at'.

   * Johan Andersson (https://github.com/rejeep) contributed `-sum',
     `-product' and `-same-items?'

   * Christina Whyte (https://github.com/kurisuwhyte) contributed
     `-compose'

   * Steve Lamb (https://github.com/steventlamb) contributed
     `-cycle', `-pad', `-annotate', `-zip-fill' and an n-ary version
     of `-zip'.

   * Fredrik Bergroth (https://github.com/fbergroth) made the
     `-if-let' family use `-let' destructuring and improved script
     for generating documentation.

   * Mark Oteiza (https://github.com/holomorph) contributed the
     script to create an info manual.

   * Vasilij Schneidermann (https://github.com/wasamasa) contributed
     `-some'.

   * William West (https://github.com/occidens) made `-fixfn' more
     robust at handling floats.

   Thanks!


File: dash.info,  Node: Index,  Prev: Development,  Up: Top

Index
*****

[index]
* Menu:

* !cdr:                                  Destructive operations.
                                                            (line  15)
* !cons:                                 Destructive operations.
                                                            (line   7)
* -->:                                   Threading macros.  (line  33)
* ->:                                    Threading macros.  (line   7)
* ->>:                                   Threading macros.  (line  20)
* -all?:                                 Predicates.        (line  19)
* -andfn:                                Function combinators.
                                                            (line 141)
* -annotate:                             Maps.              (line  79)
* -any?:                                 Predicates.        (line   7)
* -applify:                              Function combinators.
                                                            (line  57)
* -butlast:                              Other list operations.
                                                            (line 238)
* -clone:                                Tree operations.   (line 124)
* -compose:                              Function combinators.
                                                            (line  43)
* -concat:                               List to list.      (line  23)
* -cons*:                                Other list operations.
                                                            (line  29)
* -const:                                Function combinators.
                                                            (line  94)
* -contains?:                            Predicates.        (line  58)
* -copy:                                 Maps.              (line 134)
* -count:                                Reductions.        (line  91)
* -cut:                                  Function combinators.
                                                            (line 107)
* -cycle:                                Other list operations.
                                                            (line 119)
* -difference:                           Set operations.    (line  21)
* -distinct:                             Set operations.    (line  45)
* -dotimes:                              Side-effects.      (line  29)
* -drop:                                 Sublist selection. (line 108)
* -drop-while:                           Sublist selection. (line 127)
* -each:                                 Side-effects.      (line   9)
* -each-while:                           Side-effects.      (line  20)
* -elem-index:                           Indexing.          (line  10)
* -elem-indices:                         Indexing.          (line  22)
* -filter:                               Sublist selection. (line   9)
* -find-index:                           Indexing.          (line  33)
* -find-indices:                         Indexing.          (line  57)
* -find-last-index:                      Indexing.          (line  45)
* -first:                                Other list operations.
                                                            (line 185)
* -first-item:                           Other list operations.
                                                            (line 222)
* -fix:                                  Other list operations.
                                                            (line 275)
* -fixfn:                                Function combinators.
                                                            (line 178)
* -flatten:                              List to list.      (line  34)
* -flatten-n:                            List to list.      (line  56)
* -flip:                                 Function combinators.
                                                            (line  82)
* -grade-down:                           Indexing.          (line  78)
* -grade-up:                             Indexing.          (line  68)
* -group-by:                             Partitioning.      (line 146)
* -if-let:                               Binding.           (line  37)
* -if-let*:                              Binding.           (line  48)
* -insert-at:                            List to list.      (line 110)
* -interleave:                           Other list operations.
                                                            (line  67)
* -interpose:                            Other list operations.
                                                            (line  57)
* -intersection:                         Set operations.    (line  33)
* -is-infix?:                            Predicates.        (line 111)
* -is-prefix?:                           Predicates.        (line  87)
* -is-suffix?:                           Predicates.        (line  99)
* -iterate:                              Unfolding.         (line  10)
* -iteratefn:                            Function combinators.
                                                            (line 155)
* -juxt:                                 Function combinators.
                                                            (line  32)
* -keep:                                 List to list.      (line   9)
* -lambda:                               Binding.           (line 224)
* -last:                                 Other list operations.
                                                            (line 212)
* -last-item:                            Other list operations.
                                                            (line 230)
* -let:                                  Binding.           (line  64)
* -let*:                                 Binding.           (line 204)
* -list:                                 Other list operations.
                                                            (line 262)
* -map:                                  Maps.              (line  11)
* -map-first:                            Maps.              (line  39)
* -map-indexed:                          Maps.              (line  67)
* -map-last:                             Maps.              (line  53)
* -map-when:                             Maps.              (line  22)
* -mapcat:                               Maps.              (line 123)
* -max:                                  Reductions.        (line 143)
* -max-by:                               Reductions.        (line 153)
* -min:                                  Reductions.        (line 119)
* -min-by:                               Reductions.        (line 129)
* -non-nil:                              Sublist selection. (line  77)
* -none?:                                Predicates.        (line  31)
* -not:                                  Function combinators.
                                                            (line 120)
* -on:                                   Function combinators.
                                                            (line  68)
* -only-some?:                           Predicates.        (line  43)
* -orfn:                                 Function combinators.
                                                            (line 129)
* -pad:                                  Other list operations.
                                                            (line 130)
* -partial:                              Function combinators.
                                                            (line  10)
* -partition:                            Partitioning.      (line  75)
* -partition-all:                        Partitioning.      (line  87)
* -partition-all-in-steps:               Partitioning.      (line 110)
* -partition-by:                         Partitioning.      (line 122)
* -partition-by-header:                  Partitioning.      (line 133)
* -partition-in-steps:                   Partitioning.      (line  98)
* -prodfn:                               Function combinators.
                                                            (line 213)
* -product:                              Reductions.        (line 109)
* -reduce:                               Reductions.        (line  47)
* -reduce-from:                          Reductions.        (line   9)
* -reduce-r:                             Reductions.        (line  67)
* -reduce-r-from:                        Reductions.        (line  28)
* -remove:                               Sublist selection. (line  22)
* -remove-at:                            List to list.      (line 147)
* -remove-at-indices:                    List to list.      (line 160)
* -remove-first:                         Sublist selection. (line  35)
* -remove-item:                          Sublist selection. (line  65)
* -remove-last:                          Sublist selection. (line  50)
* -repeat:                               Other list operations.
                                                            (line  18)
* -replace:                              List to list.      (line  68)
* -replace-at:                           List to list.      (line 121)
* -replace-first:                        List to list.      (line  82)
* -replace-last:                         List to list.      (line  96)
* -rotate:                               Other list operations.
                                                            (line   9)
* -rpartial:                             Function combinators.
                                                            (line  21)
* -same-items?:                          Predicates.        (line  73)
* -select-by-indices:                    Sublist selection. (line 138)
* -separate:                             Partitioning.      (line  64)
* -slice:                                Sublist selection. (line  83)
* -snoc:                                 Other list operations.
                                                            (line  43)
* -some:                                 Other list operations.
                                                            (line 199)
* -some-->:                              Threading macros.  (line  70)
* -some->:                               Threading macros.  (line  46)
* -some->>:                              Threading macros.  (line  58)
* -sort:                                 Other list operations.
                                                            (line 248)
* -splice:                               Maps.              (line  90)
* -splice-list:                          Maps.              (line 110)
* -split-at:                             Partitioning.      (line   9)
* -split-on:                             Partitioning.      (line  29)
* -split-when:                           Partitioning.      (line  47)
* -split-with:                           Partitioning.      (line  18)
* -sum:                                  Reductions.        (line  99)
* -table:                                Other list operations.
                                                            (line 141)
* -table-flat:                           Other list operations.
                                                            (line 160)
* -take:                                 Sublist selection. (line  99)
* -take-while:                           Sublist selection. (line 116)
* -tree-map:                             Tree operations.   (line  29)
* -tree-map-nodes:                       Tree operations.   (line  40)
* -tree-mapreduce:                       Tree operations.   (line  86)
* -tree-mapreduce-from:                  Tree operations.   (line 105)
* -tree-reduce:                          Tree operations.   (line  54)
* -tree-reduce-from:                     Tree operations.   (line  71)
* -tree-seq:                             Tree operations.   (line   9)
* -unfold:                               Unfolding.         (line  26)
* -union:                                Set operations.    (line   9)
* -update-at:                            List to list.      (line 134)
* -when-let:                             Binding.           (line  10)
* -when-let*:                            Binding.           (line  23)
* -zip:                                  Other list operations.
                                                            (line  94)
* -zip-fill:                             Other list operations.
                                                            (line 111)
* -zip-with:                             Other list operations.
                                                            (line  78)



Tag Table:
Node: Top965
Node: Installation2459
Node: Using in a package3028
Node: Syntax highlighting of dash functions3392
Node: Functions3776
Node: Maps4977
Ref: -map5273
Ref: -map-when5611
Ref: -map-first6185
Ref: -map-last6652
Ref: -map-indexed7115
Ref: -annotate7517
Ref: -splice8004
Ref: -splice-list8770
Ref: -mapcat9221
Ref: -copy9594
Node: Sublist selection9780
Ref: -filter9973
Ref: -remove10340
Ref: -remove-first10695
Ref: -remove-last11207
Ref: -remove-item11713
Ref: -non-nil12100
Ref: -slice12258
Ref: -take12787
Ref: -drop13039
Ref: -take-while13238
Ref: -drop-while13585
Ref: -select-by-indices13938
Node: List to list14445
Ref: -keep14632
Ref: -concat15128
Ref: -flatten15422
Ref: -flatten-n16164
Ref: -replace16544
Ref: -replace-first16996
Ref: -replace-last17481
Ref: -insert-at17959
Ref: -replace-at18276
Ref: -update-at18664
Ref: -remove-at19144
Ref: -remove-at-indices19621
Node: Reductions20188
Ref: -reduce-from20357
Ref: -reduce-r-from21116
Ref: -reduce21885
Ref: -reduce-r22665
Ref: -count23569
Ref: -sum23791
Ref: -product23977
Ref: -min24183
Ref: -min-by24406
Ref: -max24922
Ref: -max-by25144
Node: Unfolding25665
Ref: -iterate25904
Ref: -unfold26346
Node: Predicates27137
Ref: -any?27261
Ref: -all?27574
Ref: -none?27889
Ref: -only-some?28184
Ref: -contains?28654
Ref: -same-items?29026
Ref: -is-prefix?29404
Ref: -is-suffix?29720
Ref: -is-infix?30036
Node: Partitioning30383
Ref: -split-at30571
Ref: -split-with30854
Ref: -split-on31254
Ref: -split-when31918
Ref: -separate32547
Ref: -partition32986
Ref: -partition-all33435
Ref: -partition-in-steps33860
Ref: -partition-all-in-steps34354
Ref: -partition-by34836
Ref: -partition-by-header35215
Ref: -group-by35815
Node: Indexing36245
Ref: -elem-index36447
Ref: -elem-indices36839
Ref: -find-index37219
Ref: -find-last-index37659
Ref: -find-indices38116
Ref: -grade-up38521
Ref: -grade-down38922
Node: Set operations39330
Ref: -union39513
Ref: -difference39944
Ref: -intersection40348
Ref: -distinct40772
Node: Other list operations41080
Ref: -rotate41305
Ref: -repeat41598
Ref: -cons*41858
Ref: -snoc42242
Ref: -interpose42648
Ref: -interleave42943
Ref: -zip-with43309
Ref: -zip43997
Ref: -zip-fill44644
Ref: -cycle44965
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